Correct English (2): Verba, Adverbia, Preposisi, Konjungsi

Verba / Kata Kerja

Mari kita teruskan Correct English kita. Kali ini kita akan mencoba memahami kata kerja atau verba (verb).

Kata kerja atau verba adalah kata yang menunjukkan suatu tindakan atau keadaan, misalnya: climb, sing, draw, talked, wrote

Verba dapat terdiri dari satu maupun lebih dari satu kata.
She writes a letter. (satu kata)
She should have written a letter of her illness. (lebih dari satu kata).

Verb mengalami beberapa perubahan bentuk sehubungan dengan waktu kapan peristiwa itu terjadi. Bentuk perubahan kata kerja ini disebut tenses.

Misalnya:
Present tense: I refuse that proposal.
Past tense: I refused that proposal.
Future tense: I shall refuse that proposal.
(Tenses selengkapnya, silakan baca postingan ‘ English For Young Learners’)

Dalam kaitannnya untuk membuat kalimat, verba / kata kerja memerlukan adanya subject. Subject (subyek) adalah sebuah kata atau selompok kata yang melakukan tindakan verba:

Robert reads a novel.
To spend too much money is foolish.

Untuk kalimat transitif, obyek diperlukan untuk kelengkapan kalimatnya.
Object (obyek) adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang dikenakan tindakan verba:

My father reminded him.
I have lost my beautiful pen.

Namun demikian tidak semua verba harus mempunyai object. Dalam kalimat intransitif verba tidak memerlukan object / obyek.

He was dreaming.
They are struggling to survive.

Contoh lain kalimat transitif yang verba-nya memerlukan sebuah object.

My younger daughter is writing a letter. (a letter = object).
He has to shoot the target. (the target = object).

Promina bisa memiliki bentuk yang berbeda, tergantung apakah ia berkedudukan sebagai subject atau object.

I called him loudly but he did not hear me.

Saya / orang pertama tunggal, sebagai subyek menggunakan ‘I ‘, sedangkan sebagai obyek menggunakan ‘me’. Demikian juga ia (laki-laki) sebagai orang ketiga menggunakan ‘he’ sebagai subyek, dan ‘him’ sebagai obyek.

Verba to be (am, is, are) dan bentuk lampaunya (was, were), tidak dapat memiliki object tetapi memerlukan pelengkap atau complement. Verba yang memerlukan pelengkap ini kadang-kadang disebut linking verb, kopula, atau verba penghubung karena fungsinya menghubungkan subyek dengan pelengkap (complement).

He is one of my friends (is = linking verb, one of my friends = complement).
Her farther is a dentist. (is = linking verb, a dentist = complement).

Verba tertentu (finite verb), adalah verba yang subyeknya sudah tertentu. Meskipun subject tidak disebutkan secara eksplisit, tetapi dapat dipahami subject kalimat itu sudah tentu.

Do not smoke at the gas station!

Meskipun tidak disebutkan tetapi subject-nya dapat diartikan sebagai kamu, kalian, atau siapa pun (sudah tentu).

Verba tidak tentu (non-finite verb) adalah verba yang tidak memiliki subject, tetapi verba itu malah berfungsi sebagai subject dalam kalimat.

To delay landing would be fatal.
To solve the problem would take much energy.

Verba juga dapat berfungsi sebagai nomina (kata benda) dan adjektiva (kata sifat).

Reading would lead you to the wider world (reading = nomina)
Standing party tends to be the new style now (standing = adjektiva)

Verba dapat berbentuk aktif maupun pasif. Verba aktif apabila subject melakukan tindakan verba, sedangkan verba pasif apabila subject dikenai tindakan verba.

The judges sent him for five-year imprisonment (subject/the judges melakukan tindakan).
He was sent for five-year imprisonment (subject / he, dikenai tindakan verba).

Bentuk verba juga dapat berbeda apabila dipengaruhi oleh bentuk subject tunggal (singular) atau jamak (plural).

The bird flies.
The birds fly.


Adverbia / Adverb / Kata Keterangan

Adverbia adalah kata yang memberikan keterangan terhadap kata kerja (verba), kata sifat (adjektiva), atau pun kata keterangan (adverbia) yang lain.

He cried loudly. (loudly menerangkan cried = adverbia menerangkan verba)
There was a very faint cry. (very menerangkan faint = adverbia menerangkan adjektiva)
He cried more loudly. (more menerangkan loudly = adverbia menerangkan adverbia)

Bila adverbia menerangkan verba, biasanya adverbia ini menunjukkan bagaimana, kapan, di mana, atau mengapa tindakan verba itu dilakukan. Adverbia yang menunjukkan mengapa kegiatan verba terjadi, biasanya dalam bentuk adverbial clause karena sifatnya berupa penjelasan.

He is crying loudly. ( bagaimana menangisnya? loudly)
He is crying at the moment. ( kapan menagisnya? at the moment )
He is crying in the classroom. ( di mana menangisnya? in the classroom)
He is crying because he has lost his money. (mengapa menangis? because he has lost his money)

Pada umumnya adverbia dibentuk dengan menambahkan –ly pada adjektiva:

loud (adjektiva) – loudly (adverbia)
absolute (adjektiva) – absolutely (adverbia)

Akan tetapi tidak semua adverbia mengikuti ketentuan ini:

This is the fast way (adjektiva). They run fast (adverbia).
This magazine is weekly publication (adjektiva). They publish the magazine weekly (adverbia)


Preposisi / Kata Depan ( Preposition)

Preposisi / kata depan adalah kata yang menunjukkan hubungan antara nomina (kata benda) atau pronomina (kata ganti) dengan bagian lainnya dalam kalimat.

She jumped into the water.
The carpenter took the nail from the wood.
Preposisi biasanya mendahului dan bertalian erat dengan nomina, pronomina, atau frasa / klausa kata benda (noun phrase / noun clause).

Preposisi menunjukkan hubungan tempat:

You must walk around the jungle, not through it (antara around dan through the jungle, menunjukkan hubungan tempat yang berbeda)

Preposisi menunjukkan hubungan waktu:

They came before / during / after the rain (before/during/after menunjukkan hubungan waktu)

Preposisi menunjukkan hubungan cara:

They hit me with a hammer.
He goes to school on foot.
The cargo was delivered by hand.

Kadang-kadang preposisi dihilangkan:

The rescue team shows (to) me the way out from the jungle.

Kata yang sama dapat berfungsi sebagai sebuah preposisi maupun sebagai adverbia:

You have to put it outside the room (preposisi).
Wait outside and I will meet you! (adverbia).

Konjungsi / Kata Sambung / Conjunction

Konjungsi atau kata sambung adalah kata yang menggabungkan dua kata, dua kelompok kata, atau dua klausa.

red and white (menghubungkan dua kata)
take it or leave it (menghubungkan dua kelompok kata)
I was absent because I got headache yesterday (menghubungkan dua klausa)

Letak konjungsi tidak harus berada di antara kata yang dihubungkan:

Because I got headache yesterday, I was absent.
Although it was raining, the children went on playing.

Sebuah kata dapat berfungsi sebagai konjungsi dalam satu kalimat, tetapi dapat juga berfungsi lain dalam kalimat yang berbeda:

Wash the dishes after you eat! (konjungsi)
Wash the dishes and you may go after! (adverbia)
We let you go after the rain (preposisi).

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English For Young Learners (4)

Dalam pelajaran terdahulu kita sudah membahas bagaimana mengungkapkan peristiwa yang kita alami, mulai dari peristiwa yang sudah lewat / lampau, peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung, maupun peristiwa yang menjadi kebiasan atau sudah menjadi kebenaran umum. Kali ini kita akan membahas tenses yang kita pakai untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau akan berlangsung. Nah, tenses ini kita sebut ‘the future’. Ayo kita bahas lebih lanjut tentang the future ini, yang akan meliputi pembahasan mengenai simple future, future progressive dan future perfect, dan future perfect progressive.

Untuk melukiskan suatu peristiwa yang belum terjadi dan baru akan terjadi beberapa saat kemudian biasanya kita memakai kata ‘akan’. Kata ‘akan’ ini dalam bahasa Inggris kita memakai ‘will’. Umpamanya kita mau bilang: “Besok aku akan mendaki Gunung Merapi”. Dalam Bahasa Inggris kita ucapkan: Tomorrow, I will climb the Mount Merapi. Tenses seperti ini kita sebut sebagai Simple Future.

Simple future

Pola kalimat yang menggunakan simple future adalah

Subject + will + kata kerja bentuk pertama.

Contoh:

Saya akan melanjutkan belajar Bahasa Inggris. I will continue learning English.
Ia akan menulis artikel di sini. She / he will write an article here.
Berita itu akan membuatnya kaget. The news will make him surprised.
Bila kita tidak berbuat sesuatu, akan mati tanpa arti. If we don’t have something, we will die nothing.

Coba kita perhatikan!
Untuk subject he, she,it, kata will diikuti dengan kata kerja bentuk pertama, tidak perlu menambahkan ‘s’. Jadi bukan, She will writes, tetapi She will write.

Berlatihlah untuk mengungkapkan kegiatan-kegiatan yang akan kamu lakukan dengan memakai simple future ini sebanyak-banyaknya.

Bila kamu akan membuat kalimat negatifnya, letakkanlah kata ‘not’ di belakang kata will. Kata will not dapat digabung dan disingkat menjadi won’t.

Contoh pemakaian:

Hari ini kita tidak akan berlayar karena cuaca buruk.
We will not (won’t) sail today because of the bad weather.

Kami tidak akan pulang sebelum diijinkan oleh guru.
We will not (won’t) go home until our teacher allows us.

Lakukan atau kita tidak akan punya apapun!
Do or we won’t get anything!

Lalu bagaimana kalau kita akan membuat kalimat tanya?

Gampang saja! Tinggal memindahkan letak kata will di awal kalimat dan menambahkan tanda tanya di akhir kalimat.

Akankah hari ini kutemukan hal baru dalam hidupku?
Will I see something new in my life?

Akankah kau beli sebuah Mecedes bila kau dapatkan cukup uang.
Will you buy a Mercedes if you get enough money?


Future progressive

Penggunaan kata will sebagai terjemahan dari kata akan, hanya melukiskan bahwa suatu tindakan akan dilakukan. Di dalamnya tidak ada batasan tentang waktu yang pasti kapan pelaksanaanya: apakah itu akan sedang dilakukan, akan sudah dilakukan. Padahal dalam Bahasa Inggris ‘akan sedang dilakukan’ mengunakan tenses lain dari tenses yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan sekedar kata ‘akan’. Ayo kita perluas pemahaman kita.

Pola kalimatnya adalah:

Subject + will + be + kata kerja bentuk -ing

Bandingkan antara kalimat:

Ia akan belajar Bahasa Inggris besok.
(She will learn English tomorrow).

dengan kalimat ini:

Ia akan belajar menulis jam11.00 besok.
(Karena ia mengikuti les Bahasa Inggris setiap jam 10.00-12.00, maka besok ia pada jam 11.00 sedang belajar. Hari ini kita isa mengatakan: She will be learning English at 11.00 tomorrow)

Jadi, untuk peristiwa yang akan sedang berlangung pada saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang, kita pakai future progressive atau present continuous tense.

Wah, kok kata-katanya kelihatan ruwet banget ya. Kalau dilihat dengan mata iya sih, tapi coba kita lihat pakai rasa…tidak juga kan? Dalam bahasa Indonesia memang makna ‘akan’ ya sekedar ‘terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang’, itu saja! Dalam Bahasa Inggris lebih terperinci, apakah peristiwa itu: baru akan, akan sedang terjadi, sudah akan terjadi, ataupun akan sudah sedang terjadi.

Tambah bingung? Jangan menyerah! Dalam mempelajari bahasa memang selain menggunakan nalar kita juga menggunakan rasa. Semakin peka kita menggunakan rasa semakin gampang kita menangkap makna. Belajar bahasa juga tidak lepas dari unsur estetika, maka belajar menggunakan rasa akan sangat mempengaruhi kemampuan untuk menjadi ‘beda’ dan bukan sekedar ‘rata-rata’.
Kembali ke masalah future progressive, bagaimana kalau kita akan membuat kalimat negatifnya?

Pada jam 11.00 besok, ia tidak akan sedang belajar bahasa Ingris.
At 11.00 o’clock tomorrow, she will not be learning English.(mungkin khusus besok, lesnya libur)

Malam ini ia tidak akan sedang menjelajah internet.
Tonight, he will not be browsing the Internet. (mungkin dilarang bapaknya, biasanya setiap malam ia melakukan browsing).

Untuk membuat kalimat tanya, kita pindahkan kata will ke awal kalimat dan menambahkan tanda tanya di akhir kalimat.

Will she be learning English at 11.00 tomorrow?

At 11.00 o’clock tomorrow, will she not be learning English?

Future perfect

Bila pada waktu yang akan datang kita ‘akan sudah menyelesiakan’ suatu pekerjaan sebelum peristiwa lain tejadi, kita gunakan future perfect. Sekali lagi coba menggunakan rasa dalam mengartikan frasa ‘akan sudah menyelesaikan’ ini, maka semuanya akan terasa mudah dalam mempelajari tenses ini.

Pola kalimatnya:

Subject + will + have + kata kerja bentuk III (perfect)


I will have already finished eating when you arrive at 12.30. (makannya biasanya jam 12.00)
You will have graduated on August. (sekarang bulan Juni, ujiannya bulan July, Agustus sudah lulus kan?)

Untuk membuat kalimat negatif, sama saja tinggal menambahkan ‘not’ di belakang kata will.

I will not have already finished eating when you arrive at 12.30. (kalau makannya biasanya jam 13.00)

You will not have graduated on August. (misalnya ujiannya bulan September, pada bulan Agustus pasti belum lulus).

Dan untuk kalimat tanya, cukup memindahkan kata ‘will’ di awal kalimat dan mengakhiri kalimat dengan tanda tanya.

Will you have already finished eating when you I arrive at 12.30?

Will you have graduated on August?


Future perfect progressive

Masih terkait dengan masalah mengungkapkan peristiwa pada masa yang akan datang,
ayo kita pelajari sekalian mengenai future perfect progressive.

Pola kalimatnya adalah:

Subject + will + have + been + kata kerja bentuk –ing

Lho, koq semakin panjang saja ya. Kelihataannya begitu. Tapi coba gunakan resep ‘rasa’ tadi, maka semua menjadi gampang. Tenses ini untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang ‘sudah dimulai, sedang dan akan masih terus berlanjut pada masa mendatang’. Lebih jelasnya begini: kita sudah belajar Bahasa Inggris 2 tahun yang lalu, sekarang masih belajar di tahun ke-2 ini dan tahun depan mungkin juga masih terus belajar. Nah tenses yang paling tepat, gunakan future perfect progressive ini.

I will have been learning English for two years. (sudah belajar 2 tahun tapi tahun ke-2 ini masih berjalan, dan akan masih terus belajar di ahun berikutnya).

Anthony will have been eating ten apples. (sudah makan 10 apel tapi belum habis, sekarang sedang makan apel ke 10 ini, dan mungkin akan terus makan apel ke-11 dan seterusnya)

Bagaimana untuk membuat kalimat negatifnya ? Tidak berbeda dengan cara sebelumnya, tambahkan kata not di belakang kata will.

I will not have been learning English for two years.

Anthony will not have been eating ten apples.

Bagaimana pula untuk membuat kalimat tanya / interrogative? Bukan hal yang susah, tinggal memindahkan kata will ke awal kalimat dan mengakhiri kalimat dengan tanda tanya.

Will you have been learning English for two years?

Will Anthony have been eating ten apples?


Wah, rasanya sudah cukup panjang kita membahas masalah the future ini. Aku juga sudah capai nulisnya. Sementara kita sudahi dulu pelajaran kali ini dan kita lanjutkan pada kesempatan mendatang. Satu hal yang perlu diingat, coba berlatih sendiri dengan tenses di atas karena ini cara yang membuat kamu berbeda dengan mereka yang tidak / belum bisa berbahasa Inggris.

Selamat belajar.

the site keeper

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Learning English in a Jungle

If you are learning English, you are usually in school, in your own room or in that of an English course. To make it comfortable, the room has been designed in such doing and equipped with air conditioning, audio-visual learning aids, or anything that will support the process of learning. Have you ever heard learning English in a jungle? It looks like strange, but if you watch a legendary film of Tarzan you see that Tarzan speaks English fluently. Is there any English course in the jungle where he has been so long surviving in the midst of animal world?

Do you know why Tarzan speaks English well? Ok, do not take it seriously. The film is only a fiction and the actor who is taking the role of Tarzan maybe a native speaker. That is why Tarzan is speaking English perfectly. But, I do not mean that, do I?

What I mean with learning English in a jungle is that we learn the way as Tarzan has been surviving in the midst of the jungle, the place where no one offers any help to his life. It is not a logic that a powerless baby can live in a juggle, without anyone else, surviving in the wild jungle where almost dangerous animal’s attacks may threaten. The most valuable lesson is that how he is learning to survive.

Supposed we are now stranded at any place of an English speaking country, say England or USA, and without any adequate knowledge of English we have to survive over there. What will we do to preserve living? There is no other way rather than just adapting to the local basic condition, and to do this we must learn the language in use: English!

Since learning English is not just as like the one that we are doing here, and in the above illustration it is a compulsory, we are forced to learn it with no other choice. It is a matter of do or don’t. And as you must survive in the remote-far-from-homeland place, you will be leaning English faster.

Of course, we do not need to be a Tarzan and go to wild jungle, nor we are stranded in other countries. The way of learning that is valuable to take is that we should learn like Tarzan. Don’t be afraid of taking the start; don’t worry of making mistakes. It is a common practice, as a learner, if we make some errors in learning. From these ‘good errors’ we can learn to avoid the same things happen for the twice. We built the excellence from the errors, and build perfection from the limitation.

Tarzan in the real life may be similar with the street vendors who are selling souvenirs in the tourist resorts like ones in Bali or Yogyakarta. To offer the merchants and get money from foreign tourists or visitors they have to speak English; and to do this they learn the language. They way they are learning is not like what the students do, who are sitting in the class with the guidance from their teacher, but vendors do like what Tarzan does. They learn in the jungle, they learn from the wildness of living, from the resorts where they may expect for some rupiahs.

We may have been learning English for many years, perhaps from the first year we were in school until now when we had left the class. But we should be dare enough to question ourselves, is our English in proportion of sense with the long time we have taken to learn it? Or, even until now we still do not speak? Street vendors who are learning English in a Tarzan’ way, learning from the hard life, may be more capable. Not like we are who always prefer to wander in doubt of learning.

Let’s start learning like Tarzan.

Mojokerto, 15/07/09
the site keeper ( a friend of Tarzan, but not an orangutan )

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Correct English (1): Noun, Pronoun & Adjective

Contents dalam blog ini saya tambah dengan satu serial baru yang saya namai: Correct English. Dalam materi ini kita tidak membahas mengenai tata bahasa atau grammar yang njelimet, ruwet dan complicated tetapi lebih kepada tips menggunakan Bahasa Inggris yang baik dan benar, menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan umum yang sering terjadi. Seperti halnya serial English For Young Learners, kita tidak menekankan pembahasan rumus ketata-bahasaan, tetapi membahas penerapannya. Rumus-rumus grammar yang njlimet bisa anda temukan sendiri di toko-toko buku. Referensi yang saya pakai adalah buku Corect English, karangan B.A. Thytian, (1985).


Memahami Tata Bahasa

Supaya bisa memahami struktur Bahasa Inggris kita perlu memahami fungsi kata. Satu kata sederhana bisa mempunyai arti yang berbeda. Apalagi bila kata itu kemudian sudah diperluas dangan menambahkan modifier sehingga membentuk sebuah frasa (phrase).

Kita ambil contoh sebagai berikut:

He is sound.
The sound is too loud.

Dalam kalimat yang pertama kata sound adalah kata sifat (adjective) yang memberi keterangan pada subject (he). Dalam kalimat yang kedua, sound adalah jenis kata benda (noun) yang mempunyai jabatan sebagai subyek (subject).

Jenis kata ini dalam Bahasa Inggris disebut sebagai ‘parts of speech’. Mari kita coba membahas satu per satu:

1. Kata benda = nomina (noun)

Nomina fungsinya untuk memberi nama pada benda atau orang. Benda di sini bisa berupa tempat, keadaan, perbuatan, kualitas, atau konsep.

Mojokerto, farm, yard (tempat)
happiness, sadness, calm (keadaan)
works, action, innovation, invitation (tindakan)
hospitality, tranquillity (kualitas)
privacy, democracy, crime (konsep)

Ditinjau dari bentuknya kata benda ini ada yang tunggal (singular), jamak (plural), tunggal sekaligus jamak, bahkan selalu jamak.

apple, book, man, mouse, box (tunggal)
apples, books, men, mice, boxes (jamak)
fruit, sheep, fish (tunggal dan jamak)
pants, scissors, trousers (selalu dalam bentuk jamak)

Ada juga kata benda yang digunakan untuk menamai sekelompok orang atau benda disebut collective noun, misalnya : herd, group, public.

Kata benda untuk menamai orang atau benda secara unik ditulis dengan awalan huruf besar: the Prime Minister, the Mount Merapi

Kata benda kadang-kadang dipakai berdampingan, yang satu menjelaskan yang lainnya, ini disebut noun in apposition (berdampingan).

Mugito Guido, the site keeper, is writing an article
Mbah Surip, the song write, is becoming rich.

2. Pronoun = promina = kata ganti

Kata ganti fungsinya untuk mengganti kata benda yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya (antecedent) agar tidak terjadi pengulangan beberapa kali.

The car hit the tree. The car is now placed at the nearby police station.
Nancy is absent now. Nancy may be at home.

Untuk menghindari pengulangan kata yang sama, dua kalimat tersebut dapat ditulis:

The car hit the tree. It is now placed at the nearby police station.
Nancy is absent now. She may be at home.

Kata ganti dapat berbentuk tunggal : I , you (kamu), he, she, it, atau pun jamak: You (kalian) , we, they.

Pengelompokan kata ganti:

1) Personal pronoun / persona / kata ganti orang: I, my, mine / he, him, his / you, your, yours / they, them, their, … dan seterusnya.
2) Demonstrative (penunjuk): this, those, that, those. Misalnya : This belongs to you.
3) Interrogative (penanya): who, whose, which, what. Misalnya: Who ate my orange?
4) Indefinite (tidak tentu): anyone, no-one, each, either, …
5) Relative (penghubung): who, whose, whom, what, which, that

3. Kata ganti = adjektive = adjective

Kata ganti fungsinya adalah menerangkan atau sebagai modifier kata benda.

Round table – meja bundar, kata sifat ‘bundar’ menerangkan ‘meja’
Red devil – setan merah, kata sifat ‘merah’ menerangkan ‘setan’

Biasanya kata sifat diletakkan di depan kata yang diterangkan:

Some terrible nights
interesting nice stories
black giant shark

Namun ada juga beberapa kata sifat yang tidak ditempatkan di depan:

The girl looks tired and pale.

Dalam kenyataanya kata-kata dalam Bahasa Inggris bisa berfungsi baik sebagai kata benda maupun kata sifat:

democracy mandate, chief officer, humidity degree

Demikian Correct English kali ini membahas secara singkat mengenai jenis kata benda (noun), kata ganti (pronoun) dan kata sifat (adjective). Kita akan melanjutkan lagi dengan jenis kata yang lain dalam pelajaran yang akan datang.

(bersambung…)

Mojokerto, 15/07/09

the site keeper

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Another Way of English Learning

You may feel that you have been facing many troubles since you decided to learn English as a second language. This experience does not only happen to you. I think most of learners are facing the same problem. If you have decided not to escape from the learning, just because having experienced many difficulties, we tend to learn more linguistic rules but to put the language into day-to-day activities. Because of the lack of practice, we often find it difficult to express our idea in both written and spoken language.
There have been some sorts of ways of learning from which you may pick one out that best fits you. There are also some tips and hints of learning. A friend of mine who lives in Argentina (Latin America) has another way of learning, which you may take any advantage from. Here is the tip after necessary editing from me.


(1) Spend the time!

So far, the most important factor is how much time you are immersed in the language. The more time you spend with the language, the faster you will learn it. Learning here means all the kinds of efforts to obtain skills of listening, reading, writing, speaking, and studying words and phrases. This does not mean sitting in class looking out the window, nor listening to other students who do not speak well, nor getting explanations in your own language about how the language works. This means spending time enjoyably connected to the language you are learning.

(2) Listen and read every day

Listen to whatsoever you are able to learn from; it might be a radio, television, VCD or MP3 player, or other audio devices. No other way of acquiring listening skills but to listen to anything of your preference. In class reading is mainly to learn what the text is about or find particular information, reading here is more than just what you do at class. It must be extensive reading, which, by steps, will lead you to a habit. It is more than just reading at class. If you keep more and more listening and reading, you will get used to the language. One hour of listening or reading outside is more effective than many hours of class time.

(3) Focus on words and phrases

Build up your vocabulary, you’ll need a lot of them. Start to notice words and how they come together as phrases. Learn these words and phrases through your listening and reading. Read online, using online dictionaries, and make your own vocabulary lists for review. Soon you will run into your new words and phrases elsewhere. Gradually, you will be able to use them. Do not worry about how perfect you speak, until you have accumulated plenty of words through listening and reading.

(4) Take responsibility for your own learning

If you are not in good mood to learn the language, you need not to force yourself. If you do want to learn the language or have good mood, take control. Choose content of interest that you want to listen to and read. Seek out the words and phrases that you need to understand when you are listening and reading. Do not wait for someone else to show you the language, nor to tell you what to do. Discover the language by yourself, like a child who is growing up. Talk when you feel like it. Write when you feel like it. A teacher cannot teach you to be fluent, but you can learn to be fluent if you want to.

(5) Relax and enjoy yourself

Do not worry about what you cannot remember, or cannot yet understand, or cannot yet say. It does not matter. You are learning and improving. The language will gradually become clearer in your brain, but this will happen on a schedule that you cannot control. So, sit down and enjoy. Just make sure you spend enough time with the language. That is the greatest guarantee of success.

I have been studying English for many years now, English is not my mother tongue, but I know English is very important. I have accumulated some experience, including this writing where I learn English and share it with you, I hope it is useful for you. We should work as hard as a farmer; and there will be a success, post-harvest fruits. After all, no pains, no gains.
English is a language; learning is not just to remember the words, phrases, sentences and grammar rules. It is a matter of making use of the language into the daily life. So, we must be sure to sharpen our skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. English language learning is, at the first step, a process of memorizing, which at the next step it is a process making practice. Where there is a will, there is a way. Believe yourself, and do the best work!

Rosa Morello
Edited by the site keeper
7rktqd329g

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I want to write!

I used to dream of being a famous writer or journalist when I was in Junior High School. What encouraged me for the dream was the thought of having my name printed under the tittle of every my works. It would have been such a pride if readers recognized me as the author of what they were reading at hands. Years have passed since that dream, and now I am neither a writer, nor a journalist at all. Now, with limitation of nearly all aspects, I would be still having a dream of being a writer. Not because I would like to gain popularity and still have a dream of a famous writer, but it is just because I still love writing. Yes, I want to write!

People said that writing is easy. Arswendo Atmowiloto even writes a book, entitled ‘Mengarang Itu Gampang’. Writing is easy. Is that saying really true? To my personal opinion, at least there are three steps of requirements that someone should acquire before he decides to start writing. The three of them are the knowledge of the contents or topic of writing, the competency of the language in which we are willing to write in, and the writing techniques.

Before I start writing, I have to know what the topic is about. How can I write something that I do not know much? Thus, it is a must to collect necessary data about the topic. It might not be an excessive statement if reading is an activity that is not separable from writing. Even, if I may say, reading is a preliminary step that a candidate of a writer should have been their habit first, prior to deciding to start writing as by reading we collect what we would like to write. A little observation may also be necessary to support the data, so that we can present reliable writing to readers.

A language competency is also an absolute preliminary step of writing activities. The language is like the frame into which we should place the topics in, in the forms of subsequent sentences. From words to sentences, from sentences to paragraphs, and paragraphs subsequently build the whole integral text. No fixed rules of how to express ideas by means of a language, but in transferring the ideas into the sentences certain grammatical and structural rules must be followed. Not following the rules will not only fail in revealing the idea, but also lead readers to misunderstanding and confusion.

To make it easier for readers to catch what is the text about, we should certainly adopt writing techniques or strategy. Writing is not just a matter of supplying readers with information or particular data. It is more like an art of entertaining them while they are searching for the information through words. Thus, they will gain what they are looking for in the form of enjoyable activity of reading. As writing is the art of offering information in the form of entertaining people with enjoyable activity, guidance of how to write effectively must be taken into account.

As a matter of fact, it is not easy to write down our ideas to paper. If people said that writing is easy, it is just to motivate people to like writing. It is far more like motivational saying to boost the interest of writing. I do feel how hard it is to write. As the beginner, I have to struggle hard in both how I should make use of grammatically correct words choice, powerful phrases, and interest-provoking-sentences and how express my ideas from head to the language smoothly, like water flows.

I have been often making some mistakes as I arrange words into phrases, phrases into sentences and compile sentences into paragraphs, before finally it is coming to a text or article. From so many factors, this may have happened since English is not my mother tongue and, as elementary learner of the language, I still don’t have adequate competency in it. At one side, I still have to sharpen the competency of the respective language itself, and at the other hand, as a new-born learner I often find it difficult to ‘flow’ the ideas in the mind into the sentences. I often feel every thing is like stuck at the head and nothing comes out. Sometimes, I feel blank and don’t see anything to write. It looks like just sitting on desk with blood stop running to the brain and hands caught in chain.

To be a writer, it is still a long road ahead, through which I have to pace with full of efforts, struggles and pains. But, despite the limitation of competency, skills, and time, I am trying not to escape from this uneven path, a long road of dreaming as a writer. Indeed, I still want to write. No matter how hard the road and the long distance that I will have to cope with, it seems that no other way than just pacing it through. Yes, I still want to write, at least here, in this web log.

the site keeper,
a man who is dreaming of a writer

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Our Teachers: Encourage Better Teaching

The government has allocated 20% from the national expenditure in order to improve the quality our education. It has been taken upon considering that education is taking so important role in the future of the nation. It is expected that all efforts to enhance the quality of the national education will be no longer facing a classic reason: a limitation of budget. Will this increase of budgeting guarantee the improvement of the quality of our education?

Funding is the barrier that has caused the quality of our education left behind if it is compared with those from other countries. Due to this reason, since 2008 the government has claimed a budget for education 20% of the national expenditure. Considering the significance of the national education, most people agree to this policy. The question is now whether with this increased budget the government can improve the quality of the national education.

Now, let’s have a closer look to the fact. Soon after the government increased the budget, the first thing considered as the most crucial is to increase the salary. Since then, salary has been the largest component of the budget, and the education development program only has the rest amount that is certain to be inadequate. With this shortage of the amount, the measures of improvement that we can immediately see is the expansion of the classrooms, laboratories, textbooks, libraries and other education equipment. All of these facilities are of course important to encourage intelligent students, but it is not the most prominent factor.

The more important things are actually the presence of qualified teachers, learning-teaching method development and scientific research. Anyhow, these factors have been so far placed to be at the second priority. Here, we are trying to discuss one of the three factors: encourage better teaching.

To perform a good teaching, teachers should have a good knowledge of the contents and skill in teaching methodology. Skillful teacher will be able to apply the most appropriate teaching method, which leads the instructional most effective. A number of techniques that can empower teachers have been developed, among others, by Thomas L. Good of Arizona University and Jere E. Brophy of Michigan State University. Two methods considered to be effective in improving teacher’s knowledge of pedagogy are appreciation and power sharing.

Appreciation is the teachers’ ability to appreciate the students’ works, whilst, power sharing means their willingness of not to dominate the classroom. The appreciation approach to students will have different nature for different level of education. In Elementary and secondary students, certification or prize may be suitable for students who excel. The approach will be different for high education. In university, a professor may express his appreciation by giving his personal supervision and guidance to prominent students. An appreciation is like a small reward given to students for their success or achievement. Appreciation will boost self-confidence and self-esteem of students, which finally improve their academic performance.

Power sharing means the willingness of the teachers to reduce their domination of the classroom. Teachers should be acted as the facilitator for their students and do not center ‘the truth’ to them selves. It must be shared with their students. Teachers should hear and give a chance to students to have their own ideas about certain issues. Teachers should acknowledge their students’ own perception. Teaching should not be longer as teacher-centered approach, but it should have been altered to student-centered approach.

It is also necessary for teachers to encourage themselves for a self-development that can be acquired by reflective teaching. Self-development has gained popularity recently in teaching education due to its effectiveness in boosting the teachers’ abilities. Reflective teaching may be practiced through self-video recording, peer conference or journal keeping.

Self-video recording is a method where teachers record their teaching and play it later for their self analyzing, observation and self-critique. Peer conference is where a teacher invites her colleague while teaching so that his peer can give feedback for improvement of teaching. Another way of self-development is by reflective journal. By keeping his journal for this teaching, teachers can focus and determine their teaching goals. Another advantage of this journal is that they can review and evaluate their teaching experiences, make necessary revision and improvement for the future.

The problem is that, at least up to the time being, for most of teachers are still reluctant to self-criticism. It is still hard to criticize themselves for their self-improvement. Anyhow, it should be socialized to them that it is one of easy ways of self-improvement. They should be encouraged that they bear difficult tasks, as with their hand they shape the nation.

Bravo Indonesian teachers!

Mojokerto, 19 June 2009

the site keeper

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Reading: It Is a Culture!

It is said that reading is a window of knowledge. To my opinion, it is not just a window, but it is more like a door. What is the reason to say so? Because reading is an absolute way for people to learn, study, explore, and to acquire knowledge, by which they improve the overall quality of their life. That is why in developed countries reading has been the culture of the nation. It is the part of their life. When shall reading be such a culture in Indonesia?

To establish the interest of reading, the National Education Curriculum has strongly encouraged students’ attitude towards reading. Reading is a skill that can only be acquired by leaning and practice. Further than just as a language skill, reading requires exercising to sharpen it. In school, students learn to find out what the text is about or locate particular information. This type of reading is called as intensive reading.

Lany Kristono, a lecturer of Faculty of Language and Literature of Satya Wacana Chritian Untiversity Salatiga, quoted an epigraph in Jo Ann Aebersold and Mary Lee Field’s book From Reader to Reading Teacher (1997) says, “Reading is like an infectious disease: it is caught not taught (And you can’t get it from someone who hasn’t got it). Since reading is infectious, it is mostly acquired from the life environment: family, school and society. The aim of reading here is not limited to catching particular information and understanding the content of the text, but most to allowing knowledge flowing into the mind. This type of reading is an extensive reading.

In developed countries, children have habit of reading from the reading environment, both from their family and school, as in these countries reading has been the part of the life. Realizing the importance of reading, parents provide books to their children. Even, they read books for their baby. Reading is not just a subject in schools in which students learn to understand the contents of the text, but it has been the culture of their life.

The habit of reading may be a little bit better in the middle and upper class society, as parents usually have better perception of reading and books are affordable. But for lower class, reading is still far from daily activities and books are still expensive items. In this case, National Education Curriculum should assertively encourage extensive reading as an integral part of the language teaching (English and Indonesian) and it should be done outside school.

Unlike intensive reading in which students learn text comprehension, extensive reading offer students to pick up materials of their preference. Extensive reading is mainly aimed at establishing the reading atmosphere in which they would experience reading as an enjoyment. Extensive reading will give a chance to learners to express what they think about the text, connect the text with their life and also share experience with the text. This will certainly be a valuable opportunity to them to learn reasoning skills. When learners have been accustomed to express their ideas with reasonable arguments, they will automatically improve their writing and speaking skill. In writing and speaking, not only do learners arrange words in grammatically correct rules, but also how they can express arguments with logical supports in the form of sentences.

Realizing the significance of reading, now it is the time for us to change our perception of reading. Reading is more like a door to us, through which we can appreciate text, relate it to our life, as well as share experience with the text. We can learn from the text and let knowledge flow in. How we perceive reading will influence the public view of reading. Once, people have perceived that reading is the part of our life and it is not just a subject in schools, then we come to a stage where reading is getting the culture of life. Since then, we will see far more people in public means of transportation or public waiting places, silently read something in hands but to chat that will just add the noise in the places.

Regards,
the site keeper

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Learn from Mistakes in Learning

English learners, especially beginners, usually think that they still have not got much progress after their certain years of learning. Again, they take a closer look at themselves to know if they have adequate ability to understand English. They would like to judge themselves if they were ‘eligible enough’ to learn English. In fact, it is the crucial stage of their learning, as their experience here will determine whether they continue the learning or just escape from it. Once they think that English is still affordable, they will continue the learning. But, if they judge that English is beyond them, they will end the learning with their long life perception that English is difficult. In this case, the role of the teacher to encourage them from being pessimistic is absolutely needed.

Some learners often worship a standardized of perfection of learning. They think that they must not make any mistakes in leaning. They are afraid of making any mistakes during their learning. This perception, of course, will result in psychological barrier to learners, as they would prefer to keep silent rather than be actively involved in the process of learning. They tend to do nothing to avoid of making mistakes. As a matter of fact, no learner can speak English without making any mistakes.

One of the teacher’s tasks is how they develop technique to encourage learners from the phobia of making mistakes. As making mistakes in learning is a natural phenomena, then the most important thing is now how to encourage these mistakes into ‘good mistakes’ when they learn to speak, experiment with new sentence structures and expand their vocabulary and writing. Being free from the phobia of making mistake will encourage learners to make much use of English in their daily lives.
A good mistake is logical error that makes sense that happens to be wrong. A child may think that 1+1 = 11. The answer is logical, but it is incorrect. He should know that 1+1 = 2. Anyway, his concept that 1+1= 11 is a good mistake. If learners end a letter with: I am looking forward to hear your reply, it is a logical mistake but they should have understanding that it should have been written as I am looking forward to hearing your replay. The role of the teacher is to confront this behavior. Making mistakes should not discourage them, but it should encourage them to learn from these good mistakes to correct language.

No matter how many good mistakes a learner may be facing, teacher should encourage English learners, in both conversation and writing classes, to make good mistakes. Learners should take as many as chances to put the language into practice. They should try something new, stretch their learning muscles, and have no more afraid of making good mistakes. A good mistake is also a mistake that we acknowledge and learn from to avoid repeating. A good mistake is not a good mistake if they have made it ten times before. One think that should be kept in mind is that we have to learn from a good mistake to be the right one and not repeat it. Repeated good mistakes will not be tolerated as good mistake any longer, as they now real mistakes.
So, learn from the mistakes but not to repeat the mistakes.
Regards,

the site keeper

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English for Young Learners (2)

Kali ini kita akan membahas bagaimana mengungkapkan kegiatan kita yang sedang kita lakukan. Misalnya saja saat ini kamu yang sedang membaca tulisan ini ingin mengatakan: ‘Sekarang aku sedang membaca artikel Bahasa Inggris di sebuah website’. Maka, dalam Bahasa Inggris-nya kamu bisa bilang: ‘Now, I am reading an English article in a website’. Kalau kita perhatikan kata kerja (verb) ‘membaca’ yang dalam kamus itu ‘write’, bentuknya kemudian menjadi am + reading. Dalam tata bahasa bentuk kata kerja yang demikian disebut Present Continuous Tense. Mari kita pelajari lebih lanjut tentang bentuk kata kerja dan penggunaan tense ini.

Present Continuous Tense

Bentuk kata kerja dengan present continuous tense ini mempunyai pola seperti ini

to be + kata kerja bentuk ing.

To be terdiri dari: am, is, are, was, were.
Penggunaanya dalam kalimat seperti berikut ini:

I am singing.
You are working.
He is sleeping.
She is crying.
It is raining.
You are all kidding.
We are swimming.
They are talking.

Contoh lain:

Saya sedang menulis surat untuk adikku perempuan – I am writing a letter to my younger sister.

Martina sedang membaca puisi di depan kelas – Martina is reading poetry in front of the class.

Pak Raden sedang mencuci mobilnya dengan air – Mr. Raden is washing his car with water.

Kami sedang memanjat gunung Merbabu – We are climbing Mount Merbabu.

Penggunaan present continuous tense:

1. Untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada saat pelaku berbicara

I am reading an English article. ( saat ini sedang membaca)

2. Untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang masih berlangung, tetapi tidak harus terjadi saat ada pembicaraan.

I am writing a short story. (pada saat pembicaraa belum tentu sedang menulis, tapi proyek menulisnya memang belum selesai, masih berlangsung)

3. Untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung ketika suatu peristiwa terjadi

When I come in to the class, she is crying in the corner. (ketika saya masuk kelas, ia sedang menangis di sudut ruangan, menangisnya terjadi duluan)

Past Continuous Tense

Sekalian saja, ayo kita pelajari bagaimana kalau kita ingin mengungkapkan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi tapi waktunya sudah lewat, bukan saat ini. Misalnya: ‘Jam 7.00 kemarin, aku sedang menyanyi’. Itu gampang saja. Gantilah to be am dengan bentuk lampaunya, yaitu was, sehingga kalimatnya menjadi: At 7.00 o’clock,  I was singing yesterday.

Untuk kalimat yang subject-nya I, you, we, they, tidak menggunakan was, tetapi menggunakan were. Were ini adalah bentuk lampau dari are.

I was singing.
You were working.
He was sleeping.
She was crying.
It was raining.
You were all kidding.
We were swimming.
They were talking.

Penggunaan Past Continuous Tense:

Kapan tenses ini digunakan? Kita bisa menggunakan past continuous tense untuk hal-hal berikut:

1. untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu yang sudah lewat, jadi bukan saat pembicaraan terjadi.

I was listening to the radio all day long. (mungkin mendengarkannya seharian itu kemarin, bukan hari ini)

2. Untuk melukiskan peristiwa yang sedang terjadi diwaktu lampu, ketika peristiwa yang lain terjadi

Ina was finishing the exercises when he suddenly knocked the door. (sedang menyelesaikan latihan- mungkin kemarin- ketika ia mengetuk pintu.


Coba kita ambil cerita dari pelajaran yang kemarin, dan kita kembangkan dengan menambahkan beberapa kalimat yang menggunakan present continuous tense dan past continuous tense biar lebih menarik.


I get up at 5.30 o’clock every day, but I wake up early this morning. It is 5.00 o’clock in the morning now. I open the window and the stars are still shinning. Not like the stars, the moon is getting fade. As usual, I clean the bedroom and then I take a bath. I don’t forget to brush the teeth. While I am taking a bath, my mother is preparing my breakfast. It takes around 10 minutes to get dressed. I usually have breakfast at 06.00. If I am in hurry, just take a slice of bread and drink a glass of water.

I go to school at 06.30. I often take the same route to go to school. There was an accident in this street yesterday. When I passed this location, people were crowding here. But there are no more people now.

There are many things to do in school. I learn to read, write, draw and sing. I listen to the teacher when she explains the lessons. Sometimes, she does not allow us to write anything while she is explaining the difficult subject. I go home at 12.00 and arrive at home at 13.00. After I take a rest for a few minutes, I have lunch. In the evening, I help my mother, study and watch the television. I go to bed at 21.00. When I went to bed yesterday, my mother was still watching the television and my father was reading a news paper. Tonight, they went to bed earlier.

Dari cerita yang semula pendek dan sederhana karena hanya menggunakan simple present tense, kini kita telah menambahkan beberapa kalimat dengan menggunakan present continuous tense dan past continuous tense. Ceritanya menjadi lebih menarik bukan? Itu artinya dengan mempelajari bagian ini kamu lebih pinter dari pada saat kamu mempelajari pelajaran pertama. Kamu bisa lihat sendiri kan kalau semakin banyak latihan kamu semakin pinter?

Tugas kamu sekarang adalah mempelajari dan berlatih membuat kalimat, bicara, atau membuat cerita dengan acuan apa yang kita pelajari dalam pelajaran 1 dan ke-2.
Untuk sementara pelajaran kita sampai di sini dulu biar tidak terlalu banyak. Kita akan menyambungnya dengan pelajaran yang lain lagi, supaya kamu makin pinter.

(Bersambung……)

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